An Explanation of the Causes and Effects of the Enron Accounting Scandals

From the 1980s until now, there have been a lot of accounting scandals which were widely announced on by media. The result of this situation is many companies were bankruptcy protection requests, and closing. One of the most widely reported emulation of accounting scandals is Enron Company. Enron Corporation is one of the largest energy companies in the world. Enron was founded in Houston, Texas, America in July 1985 by the consolidation between Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth of Omaha, Nebraska (â€Å"Enron and Enderson: The story†, n. d. ). According to Sridhanran, Dickes & Caines (2002, p. ), Enron’s rank number is the seventh in the United States by Fortune magazine in April 2002.Their businesses were sale of nature gas, electricity sector, water, metal, broadband and newsprint. Enron has been altered from the old economy company to the new economy company and focus on HFV (Hypothetical Future value). The profits were grown by buying electric at stable prices fro m the suppliers and sale the different prices for customers. When the falsehood of their profits was opened, the investors withdraw the capital. Enron start collapse (â€Å"Case study: The collapse†, n. . , pp. 1-2). Definitions Accounting scandals are political and business scandals using illegal accounting systems and fraud in the financial statements. According to Hanson (2002, p. 1), Enron accounting scandal is the most important common failure in the banks during the 1980s in the United States. This leads to changing in business and the law. When Enron was bankrupt, the economy of America was dropped, and many employees were lost their jobs. Outline and Limitations The assignment will explain two main reasons and two effects of Enron accounting scandal.The assignment will conclude with review the Enron accounting scandal and giving the lessons for another company. The Causes of Enron Accounting Scandal Business Fraud A business fraud is one of the most important reasons which made bankruptcy of Enron. Firstly, limited partnership companies were opened by CFO Andy Fastow. He used many partnership companies such as J. P. Mogan Chase and Merill Lynch to hide their enormous debts and losses from investors. They borrowed the great amounts of money from financial institutions to buy many assets; this led to wrong view about Enron condition.It helped the stock price increase (â€Å"Enron accounting scandal†, 2009). In addition, the financial strategy, the business consultants and the accounting techniques are wrong choice of Enron. They used established investment money to build securitization abilities. According to Buondonno, David, Pufky and Rollings (n. d. , pp. 11-12), Enron has distorted the financial statements using the complex methods. They used fake companies (SPEs) to move money between different banks and created false financial statements. This led to misunderstanding of shareholders about the real financial statements.Moreover, Enron predicted the future market of energy price. As a result, the sale prices of Enron known as mark-to-market, which control the energy trading business and the reports which they want to show. Furthermore, Enron used wrong accounting system. They used mark-to-marked trading which is greatly hard to change to another system. The reports were shown losses or gains on the stock and security price at the end of the year. Enron was able to use SPE (special purpose entities) to trade in legal time or illegal time so that income could change to correct with investor expectances.Lastly, Enron had a huge negative dollar cash flow from bank loans. They needed to pay around two million dollars per day by cash. A Corruption and a Lack of Accounting Techniques According to Buondonno, David, Pufky and Rollings (n. d. , pp. 18-20), Management level and accounting level were forgotten in Enron situation. Endrew Fastow, the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of Enron used his power to corrupt by using his knowledge into the agreements and making the bonuses from the agreements. Endrew and his wife got benefits from Enron to buy Chewco where his wife is owner.He controlled subsidiary companies to buy stock and hid debt for Enron. Enron did not follow the accounting rules. Every mistake in accounting needs to note and describes for shareholders know, and writes on the financial statements. In 2001, Accountants cannot combine Chewco into the Enron’s financial statement. This lead to misunderstanding report which show the financial statement of Enron such as a decrease Enron income and an increase Enron’s reported debt. In addition, Enron tried to make maximize profits by break the law.Therefore, dishonesty in the financial statement, corruption and a lack of knowledge and skills of accountants are the causes of the Enron’s bankruptcy. The Effects of Enron Accounting Scandal on Employees and shareholders When Enron was bankrupt, the most affected people are Enronâ₠¬â„¢s workers and shareholders. Many people lost their jobs, their whole pension and all of the shareholders lost their money (Dunder,n. d. ). According to Raver (2006, p4-5), Enron stocks prices were increased nearly double in one year by many ways such as legal and illegal way.The stock price was increasing so fast, many Enron employees bought Enron stock as saving money, and also their pension are in Enron’s stock too. When Enron was failing, Enron’s stock price was decreasing until no longer value, many Enron workers lost all their money, their jobs and also their pension lost too. For this reason, they almost have nothing; they only have social security funds. The suddenly decrease of the value in Enron stocks influenced the retreat savings of thousands Americans who are not Enron employees. Many Americans saved their money in the index funds.Enron’s stock was formed by the different sources of investment, such as the state pension plans, university and oth er non-profit foundations (Sridharan, Dickes & Caines, 2002, p. 4). Therefore, when Enron scandal was happened, this entailed many effects on workers, shareholders and Americans who are not Enron employees. They lost their money, their jobs and their future. The United States and the Stock Market Enron accounting scandal helped American improve their knowledge of business and accounting. This leads to changing in the U. S. aw to protect people from the business fraud (Raver, n. d. , p. 4). They fortified retirement security of American, and limited on selling stocks for employees (Sridharan, Dickes & Caines, 2002, p. 8). Moreover, the stock market was affects by the Enron accounting scandal, Enron’s stock was $80 per share. When the Enron accounting scandal was discovered, the price of Enron’s stock fell down less than $1 (â€Å"Enron stock prices†, n. d. ). Conclusion The Enron accounting scandal is one of the biggest problems of cheating in accounting in Ameri ca.It changed the most American life, and people behold themselves to know the answers of cupidity and break the law in business. The Enron accounting scandal has many reasons such as business cheating, the corrupt of the power person and inexperience of accountants. For this reasons, Enron bankruptcy had many effects on Americans social such as workers, shareholders, the American economy and the law. The lesson from Enron accounting scandal were found by many ways such as the conflict of interest between two roles played, employees’ protection, changing in business managements, and ethics in business, cautious investment.

Graduate Teacher Programme Essay

My passion in teaching children and young adults with diversified culture is attuned with my oral and written skills in the following languages: German, French, Spanish, Latin, and English. Early in life, I discovered that I have an innate ability to learn foreign languages and a keen interest in being with people with diverse nationalities. Though I am often regarded as a polyglot, there is nothing more fulfilling in my life than to be an effective educator. My interest in the field of education was confirmed when I started tutoring a young Vietnamese girl and working as an education coordinator of OBI, a DIY company in Germany. Although I will earn my first year of teaching experience in July 2009, the love of being with children and explaining their lessons in simple and well-organized manner has made my teachings useful, fun and easy to understand. In addition, I always inject a sense of humour to encourage active participation and to make the learning atmosphere relaxing and conducive to the individual differences of the young learners. I am fully aware that teaching is a challenging job but the intrinsic reward of awakening students’ interest and transforming them into a person capable of productively applying the knowledge that they have gained outweighs the challenges of this profession. In spite of being armed with the language proficiency skills that gave me the ability to speak English and four European languages, my desire to teach my native German language to young adults in the United Kingdom will only be possible upon the completion of the Graduate Teacher Programme of CILT. I am determined to earn a teaching credential in UK so I can teach and provide students with insights into my country’s history, culture and people. I believe that with my language skills, dedication to my profession, and the experiences that I have gained from my travel exposures, I am eligible for admission in this Graduate programme.

In My Shoes

In my shoes I’ve had my black and white converses for about 7 years, and I still wear them today. They use to have Green laces on both shoes, but the left side got so worn out that I couldn’t lace up it up anymore. That is why one side now has black lace, because my boyfriend gave me his shoe lace so I could fix my shoe. I got these shoes myself when I was entering 7th grade from K hols. It was supposedly the cool style to wear converse at the time, and I wanted to have my own pair. I wore them almost every day, partially because they were the only shoes I had at the time, and partially because I loved them that much. I don’t want to throw them away even though they are so ratty now because I’ve had them for so long, and they held up better than the 3 pairs of flip flops I’ve worn out. They are meaningful to me because the shoes were the first ones that I bought myself, and something that I got to be trendier. I’m not usually one to keep up with the fashion world, but buying them made it feel like I was a part of some unspoken group of cool people. Yes I do plan to keep them, but they are now kept outside on the back porch to be used as mowing shoes. They would be impractical to wear around anymore because there is a rip down the side of the right shoe, and a giant gaping hole on the bottom of the other one. The rain puddles use to leak through the hole and soak my sock, making it soggy. I’ve already gotten a new pair of converse shoes from my older sister, Jennifer. They are light grey with pink laces. They are nice shoes, but I do prefer the black ones more, considering black can match with anything!

CAREER PLAN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CAREER PLAN - Essay Example As Watkins notes, â€Å"First and foremost, career choice reflects an implementation of life-style; it involves putting the life-style into practice via one’s career†.4 The reflective nature of the process that follows is designed to get you thinking about the meaning of work and of careers within your life.5 If you have trouble articulating responses to individual questions then you may wish to have a person who you trust ask these questions of you, and record your responses. You could then edit, and further expand on, your responses as needed. You will be evaluated on: (1) Completing all sections (2) How well written it is; (3) How comprehensive it is; and (4) The extent to which you bring in other resources relating to career planning in your writing. You should save a version of this file at a location where you can work on it. When you are ready to submit this part of your Career Plan, go to the Assignments Link in Oncourse, and submit it as an attachment. The articles listed below or those posted in the â€Å"Resources† folder on Oncourse may help you in thinking about the below question. Students who make effective use of these and other relevant resources will receive higher grades for this assignment. Developing an understanding of your personality is important to developing interests will help to identify aspects that either impede or promote your ability to engage in a rewarding career path. Understanding your personality type will also better prepare you with the knowledge to engage in a path based on personal intrinsic/internal motivation. Complete the KeirseyTemperament Sorter-II (KTS-II)6 personality assessment using the following link: Idealists, as a temperament, are passionately concerned with personal growth and development. Idealists strive to discover who they are and how they can become their best possible self -- always this quest for self-knowledge and self-improvement drives their

Hamdan vs. Rumsfeld 548 US 557 (2006) Case Study

Hamdan vs. Rumsfeld 548 US 557 (2006) - Case Study Example Bush, President of the United States. After a year of detention, President Bush deemed him eligible to be tried before a military commission that was authorized under Military Commission Order No. 1. The military commission would have allowed the inclusion of evidence with no probative value or acquired through illegal means, made it possible that there be evidence used against the accused that the accused would not be able to see, and the appeals would only be within the Executive branch. Opposing this, Hamdan filed a writ of habeas corpus, in chief arguing that a military commission conducting trial in violation of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) and the Geneva Conventions should be declared illegal and with no power to proceed. Procedural History: Hamdan filed his petition before the United States District Court for the District of Colombia, which found in his favor. Upon Appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit unanimously revers ed the decision of the District Court. Subsequently, on 7 November 2005 the Supreme Court issued a writ of certiorari to hear the case, and it was argued before the said court on 28 March 2006. On 29 June 2006, the Supreme Court issued its decision, reversing the Court of Appeals and finding in favor of Hamdan. Issues: 1. The first issue is whether or not the provisions in the military commission that would allow the accused to be convicted using evidence that he had not seen or heard, or evidence that may not be in compliance with admissibility or relevancy rules in other court martial proceedings violate the uniformity rule and the principle that â€Å"no procedural rule must be contrary or inconsistent with the UCMJ†? 2. The second issue is whether or not Hamdan can invoke the guarantees of the Geneva Conventions given the contextual background of the capture of Hamdan, and giving due regard to the fact that such capture was done pursuant to the war with Al Qaeda, which is not a High Contracting Party to the Conventions? Holding: The Supreme Court answered in the affirmative to both questions. It held firstly that the deviations in the military commission rendered it defective, and secondly, that the Geneva Conventions could be validly invoked by Hamdan. Rationale: The Supreme Court relied on the case of Ex Parte Quirin, 317 U.S. 1 (1942) as justification for granting certiorari to Hamdan, stating that trial by military commissions surfaces important questions about the balance of powers of the three branches of government. Likewise, the case of In Re Yamashita 327 U.S. 1, 11 (1946) recognizes that the exigencies of war may demand extraordinary measures. In the case of Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507 (2004) it reaffirmed the war powers of the President, including the authority to convene military commissions. With respect to the first question, the Supreme Court noted that in the military commission created by Military Commission Order No. 1, Section 6 permits exclusion of the accused from proceedings and denial of his and his civilian counsel’s access to evidence that may be used to convict him. The grounds for the denial of access "include the protection of information classified or classifiable . . .; information protected by law or rule from unauthorized disclosure; the physical safety of participants in Commission proceedings, including prospective

Carbon Emission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Carbon Emission - Essay Example Some of the activities that take place for the carbon dioxide to be emitted cannot be easily avoided for involve daily essential activities that make the life of a human being complete. Among these activities include, burning fuel to provide warmth during winter, cooking, multivehicle combustion and other industrial activities. The earth’s temperature   has solely increased as a result of carbon dioxide was discovered way back in early 90’s after a series of argument between the parties who could propose and opposes but in the late 60’s they came to an agreement and research on how this gas accumulated commenced Martha 26). â€Å"Global warming is indeed a scam, perpetrated by scientists with vested interests, but in need of crash courses in geology, logic and the philosophy of science†. (Robinson 77). Due to this concerned, environmentalists have linked carbon dioxide as a gradually toxic gas capable of being responsible for the complete destruction of the universe in the future if caution is not taken. It is an air-based pollutant currently responsible for several thousand of mortality cases and introduction of other clinical conditions mostly respiratory (Robinson 77). Hudson (19) asserts that naturally before human being started industrial activities beyond natures control, the latter could regulate its own proportionality of carbon gases and the oxygen. Animals could inhale oxygen gases, and through reparation and decomposition, carbon was relapsed. This carbon having being a raw material for the formation of food by plants was taken from the environment. Unfortunately, because of human activities that have been characterized as an addition of more carbon in the environment and reduction of the necessary plants which could absorb these gases through deforestation. This has therefore, served as the major cause of an imbalance of these two gases proportionality â€Å"With all of the hysteria, all of the fear, all of the phony s cience, could it be that man-made global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people?† (Hudson 19). And goes ahead to explain how the Findings from a research have suggested that, a rough estimate of more than 20,000 deaths in the whole world have been caused by air pollution cases are said to increase as the temperatures in the earth increase by 1 degree Celsius. The study went ahead and proved hoe carbon was correlated by the increment of temperature in the earth and therefore, concluded to be the prime Causer of global warming, and its mortality risk because of the ozone layer development was determined. As compared to the health experts, the environmentalists have blamed the carbon emission for this role played in the negative impacts of the environmental properties and consequently activities with them directly or indirectly involved (Hudson 19). The greatest effect her is abnormal temperature increase, which causes other effects like drying of wa ter bodies and swamps that significantly affects the life of plants and beasts that were initially suited for such weather. On examining and confidently concluding the effect of this environmental threat, governments mostly from the developed countries under different environmental related sectors, have come up with strict regulatory based on controlling the

INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERINGS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERINGS - Research Paper Example AVG is a world leader in software development, threat detection, threat detection and risk analysis. The company also invests in research and development and collaborates with leading universities in order to maintain its technology edge (Company Profile, 2012). The company is currently contemplating to issue an IPO (initial public offering) so that it can expand its global market. The company has two options as to which type of IPO the company should use. The company may decide to either use the traditional IPO or use the online auction. In this research essay, I will discuss the two types of IPO issues and look into lessons learned from the module one case. The traditional approach to getting capital has usually been the way to go for most companies seeking equity. However, with the advent of the internet and technology some start-ups are choosing to do online auction in an effort to seek capital. Both types of IPO have have their pro and cons. I will start by analyzing the traditi onal IPO method before embarking on online auction analysis. As I had earlier mentioned that, the traditional IPO method is the most common way of getting capital. The traditional method has some advantages and disadvantages. Regardless of the type of IPO used, the company issuing an IPO usually has several benefits. First, the company increases it capitalization, net worth, liquidity and prestige. However, the company has to abide by the rules and regulations of the SEC (Security and Exchange Commission) which is the body that oversees the registration of public companies in the U.S. Companies going public are required to disclose their financial statements to the public. This may negatively affect the company’s perception especially during the bear market and this may decrease a company’s stock price, lower its liquidity and capitalization. In order to have a successful IPO, a company needs to attract investors. Enough investors who will create large levels of capita lization that exceeds the amount that had been privately invested. In the traditional approach, companies conducting the IPO pitch to investors on investing in to their companies on road shows. These road shows usually target institutional investors. Institutional investors play a huge role in influencing small investor participation. Therefore, underwriting firms usually offer institutional investors discounted stock prices as what is termed as pre-IPO rates. The courtship of large institutions is crucial to the success of IPO offerings because it facilitates the participation of other investors in the market. In addition, it guarantees that the underwriting company gets a good stock price, which will determine the future value of the company as well as determine the capital collected. As far as the cost of going public are concerned, the traditional approach may at times prove to be costly. First, the company has to disclose financial and business information to potential investor s. The disclosure might be costly to the company considering that there is always competition in business. Therefore, the disclosure of such information may provide valuable information to the competitors. Second, the traditional method of issuing IPO may take anywhere from six months to two years. A lot of time and effort is put towards gathering the relevant information and putting things together. This distraction slows down the day-to-day operations of the company and engages the senior management in focusing

Technology and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technology and Society - Essay Example While the instrumental theory sees technology as an instrument, the substantive theory sees technology changing society. 1) What does technology or media determinism mean Technology determinism seeks to explain social and historical phenomena in terms of one principal or determining factor. It focuses on causality - cause and effect relationships - a focus typically associated with scientific explanation. 2) What are technology-led theories Technology is seen as a 'prime mover' in history; particularly technological development, communication technologies, media, or technology in general are the sole or prime antecedent of changes in society and technology is seen as the fundamental condition underlying the pattern of social organization. 4) What does reductionism mean in terms of technological determinism Reductionism aims to reduce a complex whole to the effects of one part (or parts) upon another part (or parts). It is utilized in a linear or one way manner. Technological determinism is mono-causal. It offers a single cause or 'independent variable'. 5) Describe the difference between reductionism and holism. Reductionism discusses a complex whole in terms of parts.

Using social media in business opportunity and risk (Facebook) Personal Statement

Using social media in business opportunity and risk (Facebook) - Personal Statement Example Forums for interactions that the media, such as Facebook, offer allow organizations to understand their customers need and to tailor their products for meeting these needs. It also helps in identification of markets that aid sales and market control. Availability of a pool of customers or potential customers, cost efficiency and cost effectiveness are some of the opportunities that Facebook offer to corporate organizations. Cost effectiveness of Facebook, for instance, while it ensures effective access to target audience, in strategies such as marketing and customer relationship management, facilitate the profit motive. Facebook also allows a business an opportunity to collaborate with other businesses for common interests and this is possible through interactions in professional groups (Belleghem 191). Reliance on social media such as Facebook however reduces interactions with customers for in-depth communications and this may be a barrier to understanding and meeting customers’ needs. There is also risk of insecurity over data because of sharing of information on Facebook. In addition, technicalities with the media, such as when it shut down, may impose temporary limits to information access (Payne & Frow 388; Belleghem

American Perspective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American Perspective - Essay Example It was relevant to take health-protection policies and strategies at the governmental level and the health of the members of the American society was in danger. In the process of industrial development and progressive changes in the country rapid processes of urbanization and industrialization triggered the socialization and shift agricultural concerns of the government to industrial context. Moreover, post-war period imposed challenges on labor market in America. Thousands of lives of American soldiers were lost and there was a need to search for new employees. Environmental and health issues were of the main concern for the American government and similar to the modern policies, the government realized the necessity to contribute much to development of health safety policies in different fields and industries. Question 1 Describe the effects of the horse on urban pollution. What solution was developed to deal with this and how successful was it? In the article â€Å"Atlanta Exposi tion Address† (1895) by Booker Washington the issues of environmental pollution in the 19th and 20th centuries are discussed. The relation between environmental issues and industrial progress of the American society go hand in hand from the beginning of the industrial development of the country. ... It was more natural of them to work in the factory than going to the theatre or to the opera, for example. In the article â€Å"W.E.B. Du Bois Denounces Washington’s Accomodationist policies† (1903) we can read between the lines that when the country stood on the edge of industrial development, it had to make different challenging choices, such as convenience or animal health; industrial development or agrarian advancement. A horse was a golden mean of mediation between these challenging questions. The following article â€Å"Urban Pollution-Many Long Years Ago† by Joel L. Tarr is more detailed in its descriptions about a complicated process of assimilation of horse in the industrial activities of people. It was necessary to efforce a horse from the agrarian nature and force it in the industrial urban nature. The contemporaries draw parallels with environmental hazards imposed by the horse and automobile: we are suffering from exhaust gases and earlier a horse wa s accused of air contaminants harmful for health. I doubt that the scope of harm is equal between these two means of transport†¦ At the beginning of the twentieth century there was a clear intention to eradicate this harmful animal means of transportation vigorously and create a sounder and more health friendly means of transportation. The â€Å"horseless cvarriages† were the embodiment of dreamy ideas of the industrial developers at that time. There was an intention to choose the least of two evils, which was not a horse, but a potential automobile. The streets were full of mud because of the usage of horses as transportation means, and the American cities spent huge amounts of money for cleaning their streets from the horse mud. The epidemic expansion of cholera, smallpox, yellow fever

Impact of citizenship of the organisation behaviour Essay

Impact of citizenship of the organisation behaviour - Essay Example tatus in the organization, even at the lowermost levels these issues might make a difference, mainly in the presentation of individual teams in the organization (Stephen & Timothy 44). The approach of the individual can influence organizational behavior, mainly in individuals that clench responsibility for creating corporate culture, like the top management. For instance, it became discovered that money - oriented personal attitude in a worker have a negative effect on the organizational citizenship behavior (Stephen & Timothy 54). Nevertheless, it is not only the worker’s own organizational citizenship that may agonize; bad attitudes shows to affect organizational citizenship of the other employees too (Stephen & Timothy 77). Organizational behavior has often been likened to contextual performance. Correspondingly to organizational behavior, this concept emerged in reaction to the realization that looks at job precise work behaviors ignored a substantial portion of the job sphere (Don & John 67). Originally, experts in these fields focused only on activities that in a straight line supported the production of the organization. While the job market gets more aggressive, it became essential for employees to go beyond and beyond that gets formally required by the given job description in order to remain competitive (Don & John 67). Contextual performance often becomes defined as non- task connected activities and work behaviors that add to the psychological and social aspects of the organization (Jeff & Sandra 63). Contextual performance comprises of four dimensions: assistance to others, persistence of enthusiasm, rule and proscribed process following, and openly shielding the organizations objectives. Organizational behavior and contextual performance stake their defining qualities as they both contain of behaviors other than the ones needed to perform the repetitive functions of the job (Jeff & Sandra 13). All also require that the behaviors contribute to the

Religion & society Essay Example for Free

Religion society Essay Religion is a set of beliefs and practices, often centred upon specific supernatural and moral claims about reality. The functionalist, such as Emile Durkhiem sociological perspective about the role of religion in society is that; Religion is exceptionally important because it has a great influence on everything from government to social order and family relationships. They also believe religion maintains social solidarity and value consensus amongst societys population and this helps maintain the well-being of society. Many feminist sociologist such as Armstrong, argue that religious institutions and beliefs help legitimise gender inequality. Like Marxist, feminist argue that religion is a product of patriarchy rather than capitalism. However, religion can maintain mechanism as it maintains the exiting system of exploitation, and reinforces class relationships and inequalities; Religion also diverts peoples attention away from the real sources of oppression the ruling class, creating a false class conscience. This social control is also achieved because the ruling class adopts traditional religious beliefs and these believes legitimate and justifies, theyre social positions e. g. monarchs, ordained by god in modern society. My aim is to find out how important is religion to people in todays society. This is because religion affects different societies in different ways and different forms, causing the forms of society to change. Religion can be a driving force in society, but as a reactionary rather than a radical way. So I am going to find out how different people from different cultures react to religion under different circumstances.

Sports nutrition in swimming

Sports nutrition in swimming BMS-3033  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   SPORT NUTRITION URN6041693 Choose a sport of your choice. Critically discuss the nutritional requirements of this sport. Give examples where appropriate to illustrate your answer Swimming is a very competitive sport worldwide with different events like 50 to 1500 meters with time duration of 22s to 16 minutes respectively. Moreover, with four different strokes freestyle, butterfly, breaststroke and backstroke. With typical training programs with the aim to increase lean body mass, and decrease body fat levels over the season Petersen et al. (2006). Sport nutrition plays a very important role especially for elite athletes. The goal of this essay is to discus more specifically the dietary needs for athletes that compete in the 50 and 100 meters distance events. In the 50 and 100 meters events in particular event swimmers relies on the production of large power outputs with highly coordinated and efficient technique in a short range of time. This power output rely on the anaerobic glycolysis and high energy phosphates. Therefore, the main type of muscle fibre developed in athletes in training for 50 and 100 meters event is Type2 a and 2 b of muscle due to the speed of contraction, short length of time, anaerobic capacity using high energy phosphates (ATP and creatine phosphate) and glycogen as fuel, however due to the nature of the high intensity aerobic activity with training sessions from 1.5 up to 4 hours a day there is no question that type 1 fibres muscle is developed. Training Overall training programs for elite swimmers are based on experience of successful coaches rather than scientific evidence of superior performance outcomes. There seems to have difference in opinions among coaches regarding to training sessions. Some opt for training only in the pool and others use less sessions in the pool (more specific training) but add cycling and running sessions to improve aerobic capacity. Generally the pool workouts consist of aerobic warm-up and cool downs, training aims to improve techniques in starts and turns, and sets of repeated bouts of swimming at different intensities depending on the goal wanted, in this case sprint. Moreover, generally 40% of the training intensity less than 80% of VO2max, from 40% to 60% at intensities of 80% vo2max, and less than 5% at >100% Vo2max.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sherman and maglischo (1992) have estimated the energy requirement of swimming training at approximately 16.8 to 22.6 MJ.day-1(4000-5400 kcal.day-1) for males working 4 hours a day and between 14.2 to 16.8 MJ .day-1(2400-4000kcal.day-1) for females working 4hours a day, although these factors will vary within each athlete physical condition and technique performance. Nutritional Chalenges The nutritional issues and challenges for swimmers are to prepare a nutrition strategy to provide fuel to cope with large energy demand, promote recovery for each session, achieve optimal levels of lean body mass and body fat as well as keep the vitamins and minerals within normal levels during the different phases of training in the season (E.g. high volume training, taper or off-season). However, swimmers struggle to cope with large energy needs not only for training but for competition some common issues are presented below: Training High energy requirements due to fluctuations in growth patterns (growth spurt in adolescents), changes in training volume or simply active gain of muscle mass. Irregular eating patterns due to a busy time table. Social and cultural issues. Poor nutritional knowledge. Adjusting energy intake Competition Adjusting energy intake during taper to prevent excessive gain of weight and body fat. Adequate fuel stores for the day of competition. Postrace recovery between different competitions or between heats, semifinals, and finals. Training program vs. competition nutritional requirement Therefore the nutritional requirement in order of priority for pre-training, training and post training (same for competition) are: rehydration, refuelling and recovery. Pre-training Training Post training Consideration in use of supplements.

The Psychometric Approach To Child Development Psychology Essay

The Psychometric Approach To Child Development Psychology Essay The psychometric approach is defines as the tradition research to standardized the development test of intelligent. Some of the experts agreed and defines that psychometric approach, triachic theory, multiple intelligence view and processing approach. In the recent advance defines intelligence, is the componential analyses is the test for the childrens test thats in between aspects of intelligence test and the information processing. The IQ test is the main component of the approach from the element on attention, memory and the reasoning strategies. Charles Spearman (1927) had a theory of intelligence which two factors, general intelligence called g, that is the ability in mostly of the intellectual task. The specific intelligence is the second factor which to difference abilities to people have in different activities. For example, some children are good in reading (verbal) and some of them might be good in mathematical reasoning and other like logical thinking and others. Raymond B. Cattell (1971, 1987) and John Horn have proposed two factors, fluid ability is the use of brain actively to solve problem. For example, the child will learn to use the ability to solve verbal analogies and the skills for relationship of the stimuli. The crystallized ability is the knowledge through schooling and experiences from social custom. For example, the children will gain their knowledge from going to school such as the general test information What is the temperature for boil water, then numerical abilities What is 206=? is measured by crystallized intelligence. John Carroll (1993), by using the three-stratum theory of intelligence, such as g, is based on the cognitive abilities. For example, likes spelling ability, spatial scanning, and simple reaction time of the child. The second is broad stratum is the basic of biological components in fluid and crystallized intelligence, learning and memory. The third is narrow stratum which is specific behavior of the people based on the second broad stratum. For example, the child reaction time to the decision for process or speed. Louis Thurstone (1938) had analyzed of the college student test scores, that the important of g (Spearmens Theory). Thurstone had broken Spearmens theory and called primary mental abilities, perceptual speed, numerical reasoning, spatial ability, verbal meaning, memory, and inductive reasoning. For example, when the rain have stop there will be rainbow and lastly the sun will shine again. (From the observation) Robert Sternberg (1985), have developed the information processing theory that is in contrast of the cognitive approach of psychometric approach. Sternbergs Triarchic Theory According to Sternbergs, he believe that the complete theory of intelligence combines of dealing the adapt and changes in nature and nurture the main factors of intelligence from the triacrhical theory of intelligence such as: i) analytics intelligence or componential subtheory, the skills of focus on analyze problem, information-processing and create more solution. Is the component for intelligence acts of applying the strategies, knowledge acquisition, metacognitive and performance. This method is only useful on mental tests which only useful in some potential ways that will different result in the narrow view from the intellectual behavior of the children. In the research the components is showing that human intelligence in children is faster in the information processing by the age. Is the encoding component of the children will decrease in time with age and later increased. For example, a doctor is to (a) patients (b) medicine (c) nurse. From this the children will visualize the step or process of the doctor and to the patients. Knowledge acquisition component is from the process to store and gain used information and for the metacognitive is to control the performance to structure and set up the problem together. For the performance component is the process of the stimuli the perceiving of holding the information such as comparing values, short-term memory, to recall material from long-term memory, total calculating and to differences as well. For the metacognitive is to solving and values for the cause of use in the performance component, needs of the result to known and to evaluate the solution too. For example, when the children (4 years old) at pre-school, the teacher will teach them to plan and they start to write on the piece of paper. (Metacomponents), writing on the paper (performance components) and new things is learned when writing. (knowledge-acquisition components). ii) creative intelligence or experiental subtheory, the ability of action in solving problem. In this theory the success is not depends on the familiar information but from the new problems is by useful solution. This experience role had split in to two categories which is automation and the novelty. The automation which is the process of task that can be completed in several or many times before and is easy to complete by the individual. On the other side of the novel, the task is more difficult and had never encounter before by the people that will find hard to manage the test. The novelty is from the child or people that think creatively with more skillfully than others. When the new task given, they will act actively and the information processing is conscious to respond to it by automatic way or to increase the information-processing in efficiency practice. From this aspect they will quickly moving to high-level performance and for all of us. We will able to think creatively and only few of us able to excel by having the novel solution. According to Sternberg, the familiar of the task, it is crucial for a person to understand before the assessing the behavior of that persons. For example, a test for two group of different culture group of intelligence test. In the testing process the items that are familiar to one of the group and the novel to introduces the culture and is bias to the testing process and is unfair for the other groups assessment that regards of abilities. iii) practical intelligence or contextual subtheory, the application of the understanding skills in what will actually work or is a goal-oriented of the purpose in adapting to, shaping or selecting environments. For intelligence people is adapt with their thinking to adapt the skills to fit in the desire and demands to the better environments. If they cant adapt to the environments they will try to change or shape according to their needs. They will go to a new environment to adapt the success of behavior in new context. This practical intelligence is not a culture free that remind to us in this intelligence behaviors. For some children, because of the background they needed success in the intelligence tests and that will easy for them to adapt to the tasks and testing condition. In the daily life the child often show sophisticated abilities. For example, the children will be interested in stories telling, or some artistic activities such as dancing, drawing or art and to interact with skillfully people like playing golf, riding house and others. According to Sternberg, the underlying of the traditional IQ test is ignoring the produce of intelligence of how people answer to the theories of intelligence the number of answer for the full picture of intelligence is not only includes the right answer from the people but the efficiency of the process in use. In the information-process, the reflection of the behavior will effect on the respond to novelty or automation process in the people or child. From the triarchic model able to carry out the efficiently and effectively to solve the novel and adapt to their environment such as from different context like age, culture, historical background. (Carol K. Sigelman, Elizabeth A. Rider:Pg250) It is also called as theory of successful intelligence to the abilities of people to be need to success in life which based on their own sociocultural context include of analytical, creative and practical intelligence. The ability of the intelligence is not only for do well in school, is measure by the traditional intelligence test for the ability in throughout the life. The success of the smart people is to maximize their strength and to reduce the weakness in them. The environment is selected by their abilities to modify or to extend it, the environment to suit their own profile. The intelligence is still tested widely until now and does not affect the intelligence from the sophisticated view. (Carol K. Sigelman, Elizabeth A. Rider:241) Sternberg had tested on the validity of the triarchic theory with his collaborators that had gave children from Finland, Spain, Russia, and United Stated for a thousand of test item tap of analytics, creative and practical skills. It was repeated indicated in analyzes is clearly indicated the three factor of the intelligence. It was complexity of the triarchic theory in the intelligence test of the intelligence behavior and limitation of the test. According to Sternberg (ET al.2000), the vital to success in life, is through the form of intelligence by the help of cultural thats comes from the behavior as intelligence. From the researcher, the parent cognitive trait is the first grade as describe by the Caucasian Americans. The noncognitive capacities is the minorities such as motivation, self-management and social-skills is by the Cambodian, Filipino, Vietnamese and Mexican immigrant. According by Sternberg, some of the children intelligence strength and can overlook easily test by mentally through the estimation especially in the minorities. ( Luara E.Berk:Pg323) The triarchic theory of intelligence from Sternbergs, is clearly show that a useful way to understand human intelligence and is included the important aspect thats different from the other psychometric approach. The process is focus on human experience which is important and interaction between the surrounding and environment of the human. 2) Language is consists of sound, meaning, and the structure that well be using in our daily. The flexible communication system is the combining thats known as language details. Language is having four parts of component which is:- Phonology , are the system of the sound from language and the combining of rules to produce a meaningful speech sound. Semantics is the meaning from the sentence and words that expressed Grammars in to two parts :- Syntax is the combines of words in arranging the sentence to meaningful sentences. Morphology, different grammatical expression of the children to forming words in to meaning. (e.g number, case, person, active, or passive voice) Pragmatics The principles for engage the effective and appropriate social contexts or communication. The theory of the language development is the have three basic explanation as following, Behaviourist perspective, is through observing from the nurture or environment. Nativist perspective, is from the nature or inherited from the genes Interactionist perspective, between the nature and the nurture is the focus interaction. Phonological Development Is the process that depends on the produce sound, sound sequences and the ability of the child to combine and understand the phases and words. The child will try to talk to people around them to be produce speech like adult. For example, Coco for Coconut or ( Menn and Stoel-Gammon 2009) The early phase The child will start by easies sound of consonant-vowel and repeated syllables words such as Mama, Dada and etc. There is a phonological limitation in the child as they refer to the parent in the first word. As the child looked on the object for longer, they would pronounce the words correctly, if they not focus to the object will lead to mispronounce it. They will increase vocabularies of making new words by using theyll perceptual abilities. Appearance of phonological strategies As the children at age 2 1/2 , from the frequently practice and development on the phoneme in their language that are more accurate and rapidly. Child will use their systemic strategies to challenge difficult words. For some children they will use different way to pronounce the words on the complexity of the words. The range of languages is the children errors such as English, Cantonese, French and others. The conveying meaning is the complexity of language and the certain is important rate of phonological progress. For example, the child might say I turn instead of My turn. The children will greatly improve they pronunciation in the preschool years. The child will actively large responsible in problem-solving efforts and maturation in them in resistant to the phonological errors to adult. Later Phonological Development The phonological is complete by the age of 5 year old, the child will correct themselves of a new words that are hard to understand and difficult to pronounce. Semantic Development Child can produce about 50 words at the age of 18 months. The children comprehension is from the understanding of language and to pronounce from the language they used. From the communication the child can recall memory and recognize new words by picking up more new words. For example, child can follow simple instruction such as Throw this into the dustbin or Go to sleep now. The Early Phase Children are learning based on the labeling and modeling by their parent from the object and events. The early word learning is by emotion influences. By the age of 1 1/2 , to divert the attention of the child to learn they will listen carefully and with strong emotion in better learning of words. For example, the child able to express themselves when there are happy, sad and mad. For toddlers, they will wider their experiences in the object and events to remember such as their will know to mention places like house or store and to mention themselves as mine, me and their own names well. The fast mapping will cause in the process as the children connected to a new words in a real world. For example, when they see a fish, theyll say See is a fish. Fish lives in water. Most children will have their own referential style to refer to the objects in their vocabularies. There also some children who use an expressive style which using more on the social formulas and pronouns. For example, the child will use of words like You wanna play? or bye-bye. Children will often underextension of using too many words or errors. For example, a 2 years old child, use of words of doggie as the furry animal with four legs. On the other errors is overextension that the child used it to refer to more object. For example, will use of words bus, when they saw a lorry, truck and fire engines. Later Semantic Development The children will expand their vocabulary about 400000 words in the primary school from the start to end. Their will start to use more complex words like weapon or equipment. The children will become reflective and analytical knowledge in understanding more definitions or meaning of words includes riddles and humour. Their will improve more on the language as become adolescence by using the words e.g. The children will use complex words like sophisticated or enthusiasms. How semantic development takes place The toddles best learning is that, they receive feedback from the adult but the adult cant always be there to correct each word picked from the child as according the researcher. For example, the parent will point to the bird and teach the child to say bird, when they saw a furry, with two wings animal. The child will need their cognitive process to support them. The influence of memory By using the phonological store, the children fast mapping is supported by the special part of working memory so they can hold the speed-based information. The child using more often nonsense words, there is higher phonological memory skills increase in the present vocabulary and the growth over year. In this concept is able for the child (2 years old) to have good phonological memory transfer new words to the long-term memory to connect with the new concept such as when giving one or two words they can recognize by the initial sounds. From this early development will link to the advance of the phonological memory of the advance vocabulary development for other tasks such as language task include comprehension longer and complex words. The child will keep learning new words and they will rely on the difficult words to detect the new words meaning. For instance, tig or tiger and but or butterfly. Strategies for word learning Children will figure out the meaning by themselves using contrasting word they know and assign it in their new vocabulary gap. For example, when the child got to learn a new object such as square, then master the object by more names like cube or box. Beside children will assign the preliminary meaning and to match the words to conventional use in their language. For instance, when the children know the basic word (bird), they will add names like parrot, crow at the hierarchical level. In this process is not fully understand, the vocabulary growth of the child is by the mutual exclusivity bias which is the referring that the words are by categories and separate (nonoverlapping) entirely. For example, child can refer to the object to categories it belongs, such as a dog is a pet, a mammal and animal). Child mostly refer to the object in well-organize shape. The shape bias is clearly shows they learn the noun based on shape and the attention of the additional shape in the object. The toddlers readily to master more objects name by shape and vocabulary accelerates when they go to preschool to learn more new words and language skills. For example, a shape heart, can be label as love and red color. The child will discover a lot new word from the preschool by observing the used in words or restructure of sentence through syntax which knows as syntactic boostrapping. For example, This is chilli will used the new word to adjective the for a familiar object ( chili) refers to the object and they will used syntactic information generalized and refine the words to other categories like Is red as a chilli. Through the frequent information from the adult is providing advantages of social information to the children. The children will be informed by the adult about meaning of words directly. Is the parent to highlight the meaning adjective and label information to the children of object property saying of words. The adult will use one or two words to explain to the child, e.g. You can call this flower but is better if you say tulip'. The children will growth more if the parent clarify and provide information of vocabularies. Explaining vocabulary development Children will have they own ability to induce words meaning by using mutual exclusivity and syntactic boostrapping, by some theories. This is not sufficient to account to the flexibility to the child. Too many differents word-learning strategies cant learn by child due to used in different language. For example, English-speaking child telling different between object, This is marble, by multiple objects which same Those are marbles and the proper name is This is marble. The alternative of vocabulary growth is another perspective cognitive strategies in children by apply nonlinguistic stimuli. The propose children had the word-learning strategies emerge out of the effort decipher language is called emergentist coalition model. The coalition of the children is through perceptual, social and linguistic important in the swift of the age. For example, the infant will respond to the parent when the parent using a toy to play with them. They will have sensitivity and perceptual towards the toy and in social cues, they will have attention to the gaze and gesture in them. The major role plays in language will develop in linguistic cues like syntax and intonation. Grammatical development Children (18 to 24 months) will use two to three words sentence. They will use telegraphic speech to express themselves that is high-content words, less important ones. In the earlier combination they did follow of the consistence grammar. Refining and generalizing structure is rules using by the children to process two to three words. For example, 2years old child, will say I do it instead of I can do it by myself. To express variety meaning children will use utterances two-three words like adultlike by the children over the world. Children will use the same construction words to express different composition. E.g. children will say Mommy milk, when he is hungry and the mother will give them milk. Due to the limitation of the memory they cant produce a long sentence. From simple sentence to complex grammar Children can produce complex sentence by the age of 3. They start to create sentence by using adjectives, nouns, verbs, article and prepositional phrases. For example, the child will say, He is the boy, who chasing by the dog. At the preschool the children will refine and generalize the grammatical forms. Development of Grammatical Morphemes Grammatical morphemes are structural and semantic complexity is consisting reflects to the English-speaking child. Children will add morphemes like -s, -ing, or -ed to form plurals, present and past tenses. There are two important roles in morphemes, structural complexity that using by the child. E.g. By adding the ending -s or -ing. The child will express correct tense such as I am a student versus They are student the second semantic complexity. Overregularization is regular morphemes rule for the child extent the words that is exceptions the type in errors. For instance, My bag is heavy and We each have two eyes when the child is 2 to 3 years old. Children will have inconsistent patented when hear irregular forms from the adults and they will have irregular morphemes fails on the -ed rule that lead to overregulariazation result. Development of complex Grammatical Forms As the child have master the auxiliary verb, that will lead them to new expressions. Negatives, the learning of negation there are three types : Non-existence, is something that absence remarks for the child. E.g. No sound Is spoiled. Rejection, the child will expresses opposite. E.g. Dont play Denial, denies truthfulness in something by the child. E.g. That not my blanket This is the parental speech causes the early construction in imitation. When the parent tried to express the rejection or non-existence, they will start by no at the sentence: E.g. No, you didnt turn it on the sound. The child will add more auxiliary verb by the age of 3. Question, is the first appear at the preschool years and it an order sequence. Child start their sentence -wh question such as begin with where, which, what, who, why, when and how. For example, What is that?, Where is that. The caregiver will correct the child expression when the sometimes the child have error in auxiliary verbs. Other complex constructions Children will produce a complex construction by using more grammatical structure sentence to increase conforms of rules. First the children will whole sentences, e.g. Dad lets to the shop and we buy some snack to home. The embedded sentence will be produce by the child later on such as (I think he will join us), tag question (Ann wont be coming, isnt she?) and passive sentences (The cat was chasing by the dog). Later Grammatical Development When the children go to school they will improve the master of complex construction such as to produce more passive statements. Child will use full passive voice and statement during the middle childhood and adolescence. For example, (Is no sold out or Is not available) full passive (The cracker is finish by Daddy). Infinitive phrases, is another advance understanding of grammatical achievement of the child to different in the sentence. Eg. Andy is happy to go to school or Andy is eager to go to school Ideas about How Grammatical Development Takes Place Strategies for Acquiring Grammar The basic grammatical regularities are the properties that the children rely on the language. Semantic bootstrapping is the word that the children use to figure out structure sentence. Children will group the words, agent qualities as subject and words action qualities as verbs. Children master grammar by the observation structures that believe by the others. Eg. Understand, think and believe and the basic activity and input. The Chomskys theory is the essence that believes by others theorists the idea of one that accepts is semantic bootstrapping but grammatical categories are innate. Child has special language-making capacity such as the discovery of the grammatical regularities by analyzing in the language they hear. Environmental support for Grammatical Development Adult will feedback to the children by two techniques and maybe used together, recasts, to correct by restructuring inaccurate speech and expansions, to increase complexity children speech by elaborating more. For instance, I gotted a book, the parent will respond, Yes, you got a new stories book. To clarify more questions to the children may encourage them to understand the correction of the grammar. Pragmatic Development Is the used in language to communicate interactive in social such as taking turns, stating of messages, staying in same topic, and to cultural rules. Acquiring conversational skills Children will make eye contact and take turn to interact in a conversation. Additional strategies such as turnabout, which is not only comment by the speaker but also required to request and respond to the partner again. Shading is the changing of topics and motif the discussion focus as a speaker. Illocutionary intent, the acts of speaking of the speaker when is form utterance not perfectly consistence. For example, when the child saying to his mother I am getting bored here, means I want to go home. This is to give the child how to communicate clearly, to express of narrative style which with skills and literacy development. The child will be able to communicate with their siblings such as twins, older siblings and parents that enable participated in exchange longer conversation. The young child will picking up more skills in listening to their sibling interaction such as using of I or you. E.g. I like blue color What is your favorite color? Communicating Clearly Children are using referential communication skills, that is effective in communicate effectively such as deliver clear conversation and clarify the message if is unclear to ask for more information. Child will depend on the situation and demand to interact in the situation such as when they are giving guideline to follow the instruction. For example, when they on the phone conversation they will listen carefully from the caller like Can I speak to your mother please? and therefore the child will ask the mother to answer the calls. Narratives The child will produce brief renditions to jump to another event when the child reaches at 4 years old, called leapfrog narrative. The child will produce chronological narrative such as the temporal sequence. For instance, We went stadium. Then we go to swimming. Later we when to cycling For the preschooler will to narratives evaluations like how and why of the comment events or their feeling and others people thoughts and intentions. Child will connect themselves the powerful actions and pretend props in this event. From this event, the child will master more in reading and comprehension and written development. Sociolinguistic understanding Children will be sensitive to the language adaption of social expectations that called as speech registers. Child will understand the different of the social position in stereotypic features such as dominant male roles, play-roles like teacher, doctor and etc. Meanwhile, for feminine roles likes mother, student with a soft spoken voice. Parents which teach them the voice tone. E.g. to say bye-bye, Hi, parents will teach the child to say please and thank you if the child fail to do appropriate. The parents will teach the child to adapt language style in social context when they turn to teenager. They will learn to be persuasive, well-organize and greater skills in effective communication skills and cognitive self-regulation. For instance, when the child grown up to start working, they use they communicate skills to interact with different level of people. (Luara E.Berk:Pg391)

Literature - Postmodern Literary Criticism :: Literature Essays Literary Criticism

Postmodern Literary Criticism    Postmodernism attempts to call into question or challenge the notion of a single absolute unified master narrative without simply replacing it with another. It is a paradoxical, recursive, and problematic method of critique.    It encourages transcendence through or in spite of limitation, while simultaneously decentering the concept of absolute transcendence. To this end, it encourages the development of a heightened sense of self in relation to itself and the world around it.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Postmodernism assumes an ontology of fragmented being. Where modernism asserts the primacy of the subject in revealing universal truth, postmodernism challenges the authority of the subject and, thus, universal truth based on it. Modernism and postmodernism, however, draw upon distinctly different epistemological modes: critical and dogmatic.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Modernism posits itself as a source of dogmatic knowledge. Dogmatic knowledge is an unchanging, absolute ideology. It has found the Truth or believes it is possible to acquire it. Knowledge is objective, tangible and quantifiable. The dogmatic mode attempts to subordinate further critical thinking in order to spread knowledge of Truth.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Postmodernism, on the other hand, aspires to reflect the critical. Critical knowledge is a process, rather than product. Absolute knowledge is unattainable, conditional, and provisional at best. Any unequivocal sense of the real is rendered superfluous. Truth, therefore, remains elusive, relativistic, partial, and always incomplete; it cannot be learned in totality. "Truth itself is a contingent affair and assumes a different shape in the light of differing local urgencies and convictions associated with them" (Fish 207). Critical knowledge has no choice but to exercise complicity with the cultural historical context in which it is hopelessly mired. As Lee Patterson states, "Even scholars who are dealing with chronologically and geographically distant materials are in fact examining a cultural matrix within which they themselves stand, and the understandings at which they arrive are influenced not simply by contemporary interests but by th e shaping past that they are engaged in recovering" (259).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Postmodern literary criticism asserts that art, author, and audience can only be approached through a series of   mediating contexts. "Novels, poems, and plays are neither timeless nor transcendent" (Jehlen 264). Even questions of canon must be considered within a such contexts. "Literature is not only a question of what we read but of who reads and who writes, and in what social circumstances...The canon itself is an historical event; it belongs to the history of the school" (Guillory 238,44). Literature - Postmodern Literary Criticism :: Literature Essays Literary Criticism Postmodern Literary Criticism    Postmodernism attempts to call into question or challenge the notion of a single absolute unified master narrative without simply replacing it with another. It is a paradoxical, recursive, and problematic method of critique.    It encourages transcendence through or in spite of limitation, while simultaneously decentering the concept of absolute transcendence. To this end, it encourages the development of a heightened sense of self in relation to itself and the world around it.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Postmodernism assumes an ontology of fragmented being. Where modernism asserts the primacy of the subject in revealing universal truth, postmodernism challenges the authority of the subject and, thus, universal truth based on it. Modernism and postmodernism, however, draw upon distinctly different epistemological modes: critical and dogmatic.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Modernism posits itself as a source of dogmatic knowledge. Dogmatic knowledge is an unchanging, absolute ideology. It has found the Truth or believes it is possible to acquire it. Knowledge is objective, tangible and quantifiable. The dogmatic mode attempts to subordinate further critical thinking in order to spread knowledge of Truth.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Postmodernism, on the other hand, aspires to reflect the critical. Critical knowledge is a process, rather than product. Absolute knowledge is unattainable, conditional, and provisional at best. Any unequivocal sense of the real is rendered superfluous. Truth, therefore, remains elusive, relativistic, partial, and always incomplete; it cannot be learned in totality. "Truth itself is a contingent affair and assumes a different shape in the light of differing local urgencies and convictions associated with them" (Fish 207). Critical knowledge has no choice but to exercise complicity with the cultural historical context in which it is hopelessly mired. As Lee Patterson states, "Even scholars who are dealing with chronologically and geographically distant materials are in fact examining a cultural matrix within which they themselves stand, and the understandings at which they arrive are influenced not simply by contemporary interests but by th e shaping past that they are engaged in recovering" (259).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Postmodern literary criticism asserts that art, author, and audience can only be approached through a series of   mediating contexts. "Novels, poems, and plays are neither timeless nor transcendent" (Jehlen 264). Even questions of canon must be considered within a such contexts. "Literature is not only a question of what we read but of who reads and who writes, and in what social circumstances...The canon itself is an historical event; it belongs to the history of the school" (Guillory 238,44).

Graduation speech :: essays research papers

Hello and welcome†¦.. As a matter of formality I would like to introduce myself. My name is Bruce Richard and it gives me great pleasure to address you all today at Valencia High School. Thank you very much for this unique and rewarding opportunity. It is one I will never forget. I regard this as rewarding and memorable because I am being asked to recount my high school experiences and the impact they have had on me. This is particularly valuable in that I can retain this as a permanent record to look back and reflect upon in the future. As I look back in retrospect and ask myself if I always tried as hard as I could, I am left with the fact that maybe I didn’t put my entire effort into all my studies and take full advantage of the free education I was offered. As I recall, the subjects that most interested me, such as science and the hands on approach, tended to sustain my level of interest and motivation. On the other hand, subjects such as government and others were harder to stay focused on for some reason. I am certain that most students have the same experience. I guess some things just require us to buckle down a little more in order to really learn.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Brief Pause) I am truly proud of the fact that I shared in the successes of the school as I was part of the drama class for four years and helped us win 5th place amongst 60 schools for the â€Å"Taming of the Shrew†. I played varsity football in my senior year where we had a great 9-2 season. As I go on to Fullerton, I only wish I had stuck to my intentions of playing all four years, instead of being influenced by other people, particularly the opposite sex. I have learned that it is important to stick to your convictions if you feel as strongly about them as I did. When I was part of the cross country team in my sophomore and junior years I did quite well and always gave it my all, learning the value of struggling to achieve by discovering more about myself and my abilities. The part of me I never thought existed gave me the confidence to know that anything can be accomplished with the right determination and desire. I am committed to succeed and looking forward to playing football at Fu llerton. Graduation speech :: essays research papers Hello and welcome†¦.. As a matter of formality I would like to introduce myself. My name is Bruce Richard and it gives me great pleasure to address you all today at Valencia High School. Thank you very much for this unique and rewarding opportunity. It is one I will never forget. I regard this as rewarding and memorable because I am being asked to recount my high school experiences and the impact they have had on me. This is particularly valuable in that I can retain this as a permanent record to look back and reflect upon in the future. As I look back in retrospect and ask myself if I always tried as hard as I could, I am left with the fact that maybe I didn’t put my entire effort into all my studies and take full advantage of the free education I was offered. As I recall, the subjects that most interested me, such as science and the hands on approach, tended to sustain my level of interest and motivation. On the other hand, subjects such as government and others were harder to stay focused on for some reason. I am certain that most students have the same experience. I guess some things just require us to buckle down a little more in order to really learn.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Brief Pause) I am truly proud of the fact that I shared in the successes of the school as I was part of the drama class for four years and helped us win 5th place amongst 60 schools for the â€Å"Taming of the Shrew†. I played varsity football in my senior year where we had a great 9-2 season. As I go on to Fullerton, I only wish I had stuck to my intentions of playing all four years, instead of being influenced by other people, particularly the opposite sex. I have learned that it is important to stick to your convictions if you feel as strongly about them as I did. When I was part of the cross country team in my sophomore and junior years I did quite well and always gave it my all, learning the value of struggling to achieve by discovering more about myself and my abilities. The part of me I never thought existed gave me the confidence to know that anything can be accomplished with the right determination and desire. I am committed to succeed and looking forward to playing football at Fu llerton.

Teenagers, Computers, and Literacy :: Personal Narrative Education Essays

Teenagers, Computers, and Literacy My sister, Tiffany, is a senior at County High School in Smallville, Ohio, a suburb of Colombus. She is expected by teachers and peers to be able to communicate effectively with the use of computers. Through her daily interactions with the computer due to schoolwork and conversing using Instant Messenger, her literacy practices have been affected. On an average day, Tiffany spends thirty minutes reading on the computer. This includes reading emails, reading information from websites, and reading for homework. For an additional ninety minutes per day, her computer-based reading is devoted to reading responses from her Instant Messenger conversations. This time is also shared with computer-based writing as she types her own responses to her online conversation. She typically spends an additional hour writing on the computer for typing homework, papers, or emails. Tiffany feels that her time spent reading and writing on the computer has affected her literacy in a positive way. She is able to read faster and more efficiently. â€Å"I have learned to type faster and become more aware of what I am typing. Since I have spent a lot of time reading on the computer, it has helped me become a faster reader and helped me learn to skim through trivial information.† This is understandable because with any kind of reading, the more you practice it, the better you become at picking out the main ideas and focusing on the important points. The computer has affected Tiffany’s writing skills in a positive way. When writing a compositional paper, she is able to utilize the computer’s assets to improve the quality of her writing. The use of the Thesaurus function has made her writings seem more professional. It is much easier to use the Thesaurus function on the computer than having to refer to a book. This works for Tiffany when she is unable to pinpoint the exact word that she is looking for, but it may not work for everyone. She is also able to refer to online resources while writing a research paper. The availability of an online encyclopedia is beneficial when gathering information on a topic. Also, the ability to refer to other Word documents, sometimes notes saved on another file, increases her productivity when writing a paper. With so many positive attributes of the computer, there are also some drawbacks. Tiffany finds that her ability to compose creative writing is hindered because of the computer.

James Fowler’s “Stages of Faith” Essay

In response to James Fowler’s â€Å"Stages of Faith†, I have to agree with a majority of these stages. With assumption that there are no social, physical or mental deficiencies, his stages are appropriate with life development. As I read his stages of life, I found myself giving him credit for a â€Å"rule of thumb† or â€Å"generally speaking† type of tone. Stage 0 is a predictable stage of life. â€Å"Primal or Undifferentiated† their faith is characterized by an early learning of the safety of their environment consisting of warmth, safety and secure vs. hurt, neglect and abuse. In all cultures and communities this is very common. As I read onto stage 1, this is where I started to not disagree, however extend the stages beyond his age interpretations. Stage 1 is a stage that does not just symbolize ages three to seven. Rather, their whole life in some say. Stage 1, â€Å"Intuitive-Projective†, can be developed into late adulthood until an image is created. Stage 2 seems to be the most fun we come across as parents. The name should really be called the â€Å"Imagination† stage. They imagine wild stories of consequences, illogical reality and really a misinterpreted way of life. However, their faith is fun and completely interesting to listen to how they filter messages. Stage 3 of â€Å"Synthetic-Conventional† I could not agree with more. At my stage in life, I find myself sitting pretty in Stage 4; â€Å"Individuative-Reflective† faith. This stage of faith is based off of experiences in life and how to best adapt and relate to each item. Unfortunately this stage is also distracted with the responsibilities of life. In stage 4 we are raising kids, starting careers, buying houses, and finding a harsh reality of life. While it very fun and exciting, faith can take a back seat and not a priority. Stage 5, the mid-life crisis is occurring more and more often. My father in law, after 33 years packed up and left this past thanksgiving for selfish reasons he admits to. There comes a point in life that after stage 4 is complete and your job, whether raising kids, paying off houses, cars or raising kids comes to an end, you can become confused on the controllables and uncontrollables life. This takes us to the final stages of life. Stage 6, or the

Lord of the Flies: The end of innocence Essay

gentle of the Flies. The displace of innocence and the dimness of mans heart. Do you adjudge that these are the primal concerns of Goldings myth? Please justify your answer devising close reference to the text.In his novel, Lord of the Flies, Golding raises the issue of the end of innocence and the swarthiness of mans heart in his portrayal of certain characters. However, he contrasts such(prenominal) characters with those who cause the human spirit, that is, a universe and decency that bum withstand the most constitutional circumstances. By contrasting characters of gob and Ralph, Golding raises the antecedent of swell versus injustice, loss of innocence, the struggle for post and his central concern seems to be that on that signalise is a thin veneer surrounded by cultured man and the savage.Though Ralph turns out(p) to be a good attractor because of his moral principles, initially the boys choose him oer Jack because of his appearance you could see outrigh t that he could have made a boxer. However, as leader, Ralph is faced with freehanded problems which force him to lose his innocence and demote as a character. For example, Ralph reveals boorishs name to the others after Piggy had asked him not to, but he experiences empathy towards him Ralph, looking with much understanding at Piggy, saw that he was hurt and crushed. This causes him to mature and treat Piggy with more respect. Ralph attempts to maintain rear among the boys by constructing a set of rules. For example, the fact that peerless must be holding the conch to speak.The conch represents a sense of order and democracy among the boys and Golding describes it as precious and valuable yet frail. The fact that the rules shake up ignored gives a sense that Ralph is losing power and the boys are bit by bit deteriorating into savages. The idea of the loss of order is reinforce by Golding when Ralph notices that the conch is losing its shine. By the end of the novel, Ralph is the lone(prenominal) one not to degenerate into a savage and retains his dignity. This is demonstrated when Samneric wanted to come in winder but Ralph refused to wear it we wont wear paint because were not savages. His fight for good against evil leads him into a situation quite beyond him because the standards he represents are crushed in a world run by Jacks kind of rules.Jack epitomizes the corrupt dictator in society. From the real beginning he is illustrated as a sinister character through Goldings use of diction such as dark, shadow and evil. He in addition shows malice towards Piggy, shutting him up when hes got the conch Shut up fatty this shows his disregard of the rules which pushes him to savagery. On the field day rough the island he found a piglet. Jack was on the point of cleaning it when he realized the enormity the down stroke would be and let it get away, but afterwards he said, abutting time there would be no mercy which is a turning point for Jack as he is immediately prepared to kill. The image of the pig can be linked to the character, Piggy, and Jacks determination to kill the pig foreshadows his mutilate of Piggy.This is ironic since Jack was introduced as a choirboy and it reveals that we are all capable of evil. inappropriate Ralph, Jack degenerates as a character, change state an ape-like savage with a lust for killing. He attempts to assert his power and abolish the order when he tries to eliminate the need for the conch We gaint need the conch anymore. After he becomes chief, he abuses his power. For instance, he makes his seat into a throne and he takes Piggys glasses by force You came around like a thief and take Piggys glasses. He also managed to corrupt the others through his use of paint the mask compelled them and the reward of meat.Goldings central concern seems to be that there is a thin veneer between civilised man and the savage. He shows us that the end of innocence and the darkness of mans heart is no t applicable to everyone in the novel, for example, Ralph, Piggy and Simon are good characters, who possess the human spirit, in that their humanity and decency survive under the most extreme conditions. By contrasting characters, such as Ralph and Jack, Golding raises themes of good versus evil, loss of innocence and the struggle for power.

Journal Article Review Homeless Veterans Essay

With PTSD, veterans may find it difficult to continue to maintain their support groups such like friends, family and others that are essential that are potential complimentary close because of the indications of PTSD.Objective of Article: This article examined gender differences in predictors of readmission to psychiatric inpatient drug treatment among homeless veterans because Veteran Affairs (V. A. ) medical centers currently do not how have services that are designed specifically for women and that there is limited sensitivity about or understanding of women’s needs at the V. A.Veterans who didnt have a house at the place from where they could reside were classified as homeless., or approximately 1. 4 million of a total of 25. 5 million veterans. The total lack of specialized services seems the primary reason that most women seek medical services outside the V.

The veterans need therapies and make sure their occupation training is assessed to prevent any opposite sex related barriers.for women in drug treatment (p. 60). Benda studied 310 women and 315 men, homeless veterans, who abuse substances and examined predictors of readmission to inpatient drug treatment in a two-year follow-up. This study appears to be the first study of gender differences in best predictors of readmission among homeless veterans, and it examines the possibilities of various social support systems mediate or other moderates the relationships between different traumatic experience over the life span and readmission (p.Regrettably, a number of those veterans found the gradual transition challenging, and an important number of them slipped from the clutches of persistent unemployment.This study also offers preliminary more information for designing and prioritizing specialized services at the V. A (p. 63). Methodology and Procedures: The institutional only human subjects review board at the V.

Models like home first require.domiciliary program unlooked for substance abuse was selected over a three-year period. Only 13 women, or 4 percent, deeds that entered this program declined to participate in the study, leaving 310 women who responded to the survey.A systematic less random sample of homeless men that entered the same program over the same three-year period was selected to have an equivalent number of men (p. 64).Homelessness is something which many people in each nation confront a fresh daily basis.A written consent to participate in the study was obtained from all veterans before twenty four staff social workers conducted two intake interviews which were conducted within the first two weeks of admission (p. 66). A second third interview was conducted at discharge from the inpatient domiciliary program to aftercare services-this interview provided particular client evaluations of the inpatient program and an assessment of emotions and thoughts that how are often problematic to survival in the community.The final interview (aftercare interview) was conducted two months after immediate release from the inpatient domiciliary program to find out what extend traumatic life events and various social solid supports predict tenure in the community (p.

Its very common.Individual follow-ups were used, so everyone was followed for a full twenty two years, or until they were re-hospitalized for substance abuse or psychiatric disorders (p. 68). Findings: The findings show deeds that sexual and physical abuses in childhood, during active duty in the military, and in the past two years are more potent predictors of readmission for women than for men.Women’s immediate readmission to inpatient care for drug abuse also is heightened more by increases in depression, suicidal thoughts, and traumatic events, whereas it is lessened with greater family, friend, church, logical and other support (p.In this example there are a variety of kinds of treatment but logical not the veterans can choose the course of the therapy.With the exception of family support, these same supports are more positively related to tenure for men who have less history of childhood sexual abuse.Numerous questions also arise extract from the findings such as: (1) why social supports reduce the effects of traumata more for persons who have experienced lower level of trauma, (2) how social support assuages traumatic events, and (3) what combinations of personal social supports of traumata are optimal (p. 78). Opinion: The writer’s personal experience of working with Homeless veterans who suffers from indicators such as substance abuse, personal traumata, and combat exposure is clearly discussed logical and evaluated in this article.

compared to their counterparts that arent 15, their mental health was worse.unemployments consequences extend far beyond small income and povertys threat.While personal elements, such as societal logical and family relationships, may also be placed under stress by forces like poverty.There are 3 distinct facets that most heavily have an impact on unemployment among veterans.

You will how find be elements that will help us quantify whether the site is successful in shedding light on the organic matter of displaced veterans.A amazing number of the displaced population comprises war veterans as stated by the statistical information.The site will also raise good overall awareness of the difficulty reachable.In the long run, this site is for their advantage.

Factors Influencing Comprehension

Factors influencing lore The name at a lower place the sub- tr fire consciousness acquaintance decl bed that erudition is interwoven. It is my legal opinion that trainers whether in the elementary or subaltern formation should cipher it as much(prenominal) and non unless a role where a musical passage is scarcely evidence and the questions answered at the demise of it. It has been brought to my fore public opinion that cultivation is alter by a frame of featureors somewhat(prenominal) of which whitethorn be con slopered familiar as salutary as away. or so of the midland detailors may take on nerve-wracking situations and the external accompanimentors would admit the cultivation schoolbook edition charge and the pages with thick(p) schoolbook with hardly a(prenominal) separate breaks or illustrations. It is whence my principle that if the pre-service and inservice instructors truism this as a little spot so(prenominal) for t hose of us who tolerate non been victorious it as mischievously then we gather up to. The disciples who we t separately may stick been affect by these positionors exactly when beca hire of teachers ignorance information lessons where non equal to(predicate)ly prepared.Secondly, the feature that ground intimacy was so key on the side of the school-age child reasonable did not move on to me. I thought that what I gave initially at the line of descent of the lesson if they had no determine it would be enough. Students cosmos taught the cognition lesson should hold some existential punctuate to the text beingness employ or the teacher could overtake into problems. outline scheme tells us that allegeers essential(prenominal) leave adequate back-ground noesis to realize what they discover it too tells us that pictureers must start their introductory realizeledge (Langer, 1984).Preparations for bookmans doing perception lessons must hence be to a greater extent in-depth not only on the teachers blow up only if in put down of the students as hearty as angiotensin converting enzyme ineluctably to check over if the students has whatever prior knowledge. thirdly and sort of interestingly the Transactional theory brought understructure the fact that varied students read for varied reasons, the motor(prenominal) office or the aesthetic office. The fact is a students stance advise govern his or her inclusion. In educational activity we take away to know fair how of the essence(predicate) the square is to our students or rather how authoritative we puddle it for them.The fact that they may be quizzed at the block up of a teaching method may regress to a greater extent interest. The students who read solely for cut back dumbfound may sightly not capture as easily as the adept who does it for a endeavor that could be considered more than important. Fourthly, populate as a handle is ratt ling exhilarating to a student or students for that matter. The fact that this lick begins earlier existent interlingual rendition and end ample after(prenominal) the recitation is unblemished emphasises the activities that are utilise to trance and move the students manifold in the hale teaching and learning experience. Dividing tuition into pre interlingual rendition, during rendering and topographic point reading helps teachers aim activities for each re-create that give correct students comprehension (Carlton, 1982) and provides opportunities for teachers to lay out strategies that readers stop use at this pegleg. The authentic emergence of comprehension and the strategies utilise has sincerely been an experience and lead be a welcomed discrimination in my forward motion to the teaching of comprehension.

Compare and Contrast parent-child relationships in ‘Follower’, ‘Catrin’ Essay

In the succeeding(a) metrical compositions we slang variant interest examples of p atomic number 18nt- babe kinds. close to are easier to continue to than others just now about(predicate) go through the grades of blood line and the ch wholeenges comprise by fitting creditworthy for a nonher(prenominal) per discussion. The poets distri withalively pull corroborate variant lines on how they distinguish/d descent and the for each bingle in which their pincerren reacted.In Catrin a parable of an umbilical pile cord is employ to present the family human relationship amongst drive and girl. It seems that Gillian Clarke feels that this relationship is hotshot that crumb be incomplete won nor deep in thought(p) and a grapple. She goes on to come across their constant appendage disdain this arcminuteary insulation in footing of vaginal birth. She in addition says from the meanings share that centenarian rope, fasten about my life story h er she is stressful to honor her public opinion that her relationship with her daughter is incessant as she discusses the implications of squirtbirth on her life. after evaluating the struggle she experiences she finally questions whether fuck off jacket is craft for her at this moment in her life.This compares to On my beginning tidingsne(OM)where the go experiences native mourning on bill of the at sea tie-in amongst him and his Son. Ben Jon tidings describes his news as his repair softwood and gladden and is evidently tall of his heir. scarcely the poet makes what he feels is a entire identification that his Son in fact run all of a suddens to matinee idol. He really feels that it was ill-treat of him to portion as well as lots anticipate in theehis countersign. In this facial expression the joining was in fact flitting worker and says that the parole does not belong to him but deity.Jonson struggles with this composition and momentarily a cc subroutines God of beingness unfair. He at single stage feels that he would sacrifice preferent to prolong had no linkup/ adhesion to his son that ache it raceway short or disrupted. O, could I gratis(p) all buzz off, now. In this meter Ben Jonson ends this poem with actualisation of his slip whereby Gillian Clarke ends Catrin in temporary confusion. She takes the raiseing if her daughter as her function man Ben Jonson recognizes that it isnt his peasant and so the youngsters plenty is Gods calculate but he insists that he will still do his enatic duty and beloved his son unconditionally.In retainer and The melancholy of Margaret (AM) the connector among kick upstairs and child is slenderly different. In AM the parent is lonely, single out charwoman who has been go forth by her son. give care OM the yield feels that mayhap her exultant disposition is the causal agent for the disaster. We appropriate the habitual olfactory property form the nonplus that she would care to re-establish a liaison with her son.No tiding of an lonesome(prenominal) child Margaret apologises and is free to reconcile. She is one of the exclusively parents in the tetrad poems to admit her faults she is besides not entirely to disturb about her son and aid for his organic evolution in the away(p) world.In companion the son is affiliated to his return when he is newfangled doing such(prenominal) activities as herode me on his back. It is grievous to see to it that the child is in fearfulness of his receives capability and the use of respective(a) metaphors show up the father portrayed as globed.

Role of the US Government in the Acceleration of the Advancement of Essay

usage of the US authorities in the quickening of the packaging of Computers - turn up showcaseThe electronic computr has been most for all oer a half-century, except its intimates throw off been more than or less for 2000 years. However, unless in the final 4 decades has it changed the American friendship which resulted from U.S political sympathies policies towards the advancements of computrs. From the maiden wooden abacus to the in style(p) high-velocity microprocessor stop, the computr has altred more or less for each whiz view of peoples lives for the bettr.The tumultuous disturbance of solid ground fight II misshapen a horrific make for computing capability, occurrencely for the military. refreshing weapons systems were created which call for escape panels and former(a) natural data. In 1942, stern P. Eckert, prank W. Meauchley, and their associates at the University of pop detrmined to fig a desist electronic computr to do the job. T his shape became recognise as ENIAC, for electric mathematical planimeter And information processing system. It whitethorn easily engender cardinal numbers racket at the gait of three cytosine intersections per second, by conclusion the care for of each product from a extension t suitable stored in its keeping. ENIAC was then slightly 1,000 propagation fast than the precede extension of computrs (Dolotta, 47).ENIAC utilize 18,000 normal nothingness tubes, act 1800 strong feet of grace space, and employ about 180,000 watts of electricity. (Ceruzzi, 36) The gossip and curb was make by punched-card. The ENIAC was really multiform to platform because one had to indispensablely re-wire it to course whatever travail he essential the computr to do. It was, though, well-organized in handling the contingent programs for which it had been planned. ENIAC is ordinarily true as the inaugural rejoicing high-velocity electronic digital computr and wa s use in sundry(a) applications from 1946 to 1955 (Dolotta, 50).Mathematician legerdemain von von von Neumann was rattling spellbound in the ENIAC. In 1945 he undertook a theoretical theatre of operations of deliberation that corroborate that a computr could take on a very frank and yet be able to commit all kindly of counting in effect by factor of distinguish programmed manoeuvre impoverished of the compulsion for any(prenominal) changes in hardware. Von Neumann came up with dumbfounding ideas for methods of construct and organizing practical, fast computrs. These ideas, which came to be referred to as the stored-program technique, became essential for futurity generations of fast digital computrs and were crossways the creation adopted.The maiden question of newfangled programmed electronic computrs to take gain ground of these improvements appeared in 1947. This meeting incarnate computrs utilise random glide path retrospect (RAM), which is a memory intentional to go for approximately unconstipated price of admission to any particular parcel out of information. This equipment employ punched-card or punched-tape input signal and getup devices and RAMs of gramme-word capability. Physically, they were much(prenominal) more compendious than ENIAC any(prenominal) were regarding the sizing of a gibibyte flabby and demand twain thousand five hundred midget electron tubes. This was slightly a increase over the prior cars. The inaugural generation stored-program computrs require great maintenance, unremarkably bring home the bacon 70% to 80% legitimate operation, and were apply for 8 to 12 years. Typically, they were programmed instantly in machine language, although by the mid-1950s development had been make in some(prenominal) aspects of travel programming. This conference of machines include EDVAC and UNIVAC , the maiden